?Recently, the hot news in the beauty industry is the release of Lancome’s second-generation small black bottle, which is based on the original yeast essence (difid yeast fermentation product lysate, yeast extract), with a brand-new 7 major Prebiotics, on the basis of skin cell repair, inject a brand-new micro-ecological concept, opening a new era of micro-ecological skin care. The new skin care concept of micro-ecology has also brought a lot of shock to the beauty industry, and chemists are obliged to come to the popular micro-ecology. 1. Skin-the carrier of micro-ecologyAs the largest organ of the human body, skin is in direct contact with the external environment and is the first barrier to protect the human body. It also has the functions of excretion, regulation of body temperature, and feeling of external stimuli. . There are also a large number of bacteria on the surface of the skin, about 1,000 species, which can be divided into four categories, including Actinomycetes (51.8%), Firmicutes (24.4%), and Proteobacteria (16.5%). ) And Bacteroides (6.3%), and the identified genera are Corynebacterium, Propionibacterium and Staphylococcus. For the skin itself, it is a large ecosystem, and there are many small ecological patterns in it. The skin can be divided into three different “climate environments” on this big map: wet areas, dry areas, and sebum areas. Image source: sohu.comWet areas are like tropical rain forests, common parts It is the armpit, where coryneform bacteria are the main part, and the apocrine glands are also concentrated. The apocrine glands can secrete proteins, lipids, and steroid substances, which are degraded by bacteria to produce odor. In dry areas such as palms and forearms, small sweat glands are densely distributed in these areas, which can secrete sweat to regulate body temperature. B-protein bacteria and Flavobacterium are more common in this area. The flora in this area is affected by the electrolyte and acidity of sweat. At the same time, the eccrine glands can also secrete antibacterial peptide substances (AMPs) such as cathepsin and β-antibacterial peptides. This in turn affects the distribution of microbiota. In the sebaceous area, such as the T area of ??the face, the sebaceous glands in this area are more distributed, and they are mainly Propionibacterium and Staphylococcus. For different parts of the human skin, due to the difference in skin structure, the influence of the contact environment, and the different living habits, the distribution of different microbial groups is caused. Picture source: reference 3In addition, on the surface of our skin, there are not only bacteria There are also microorganisms such as molds, parasites, and viruses that live on the surface of the skin. For fungal microorganisms, it is mainly Malassezia (80%), which are lipophilic microorganisms and are mainly distributed in fat-rich areas. Among the parasites, mites are the main on Phenibut Manufacturers es, living in fur glands, and are related to the cause of skin lupus erythematosus. For viruses, there are not many current studies, which mainly affect our immune function. 2. Microecological mechanism of actionWhen the microecological balance of the skin epidermis is broken, various skin diseases will appear. Acne is one of the common skin diseases. After puberty, the level of androgen in the human body rises rapidly, which promotes the development of sebaceous glands and produces a large amount of sebum. The abnormal keratinization of the sebaceous gland ducts of the hair follicles causes the ducts to be blocked, sebum drainage obstacles, and keratinous plugs. Namely acne. In this lipid-rich and anaerobic environment, P. acnes in hair follicles multiply and produce lipase to break down sebum to produce free fatty acids, and at the same time stimulate inflammatory cells to aggravate inflammation. One of the main features of atopic dermatitis (AD) is that patients are particularly susceptible to infection with Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). These properties are related to the impaired skin barrier function and are also affected by the reduction of antibacterial protein expression. These effects have disrupted the balance between the host and the microorganisms, resulting in undesirable consequences. In addition, psoriasis, lupus erythematosus, and seborrheic dermatitis are all related to the imbalance of surface microorganisms. Therefore, maintaining the skin surface microecology is very important for skin care, which has also caused people to study the skin microecology mechanism. Image source: sohu.comOn the skin, intrinsic immunity and adaptation Sexual immune mechanisms work together for our immune function. Keratinocytes are the first cells involved in skin immunity. These epithelial cells can produce many pattern recognition receptors, which can perceive microorganisms by recognizing lipoproteins, nucleic acids, and cell wall components. When keratinocytes produce many antibacterial enzymes, cytokines and chemokines, the activity of these recognition receptors is enhanced, thereby recognizing microorganisms to achieve antibacterial effects. The skin immune system can affect the survival and distribution of microbial colonies, and the microbial community can also affect the host’s immune function. There are three main mechanisms of skin microecology: 1) By occupying space, absorbing nutrients, producing antibacterial enzymes, directly inhibiting the growth of pathogenic bacteria. For example, Staphylococcus epidermidis can inhibit the formation of Staphylococcus aureus biofilm by producing a hydrolytic protease (Esp), and Esp can increase the antibacterial effect of β-antibacterial peptide hBD2. Staphylococcus epidermidis can produce a variety of substances to affect the growth of pathogenic bacteria Phenibut Manufacturers , and can selectively kill pathogens such as Streptococcus aureus and Staphylococcus aureus, and cooperate with the AMPs produced by the host to enhance the bactericidal effect. 2) Improve the host’s own immunity, strengthen the skin barrier, and reduce wound inflammation. 3) Control local cytokine production, stimulate T cell action, and improve adaptive immunity. Skin immunity interacts with the surface microbiota to achieve a dynamic balance and jointly protect skin health. Picture source: reference 53. Micro-ecological skin care solutionsIn the skin micro-ecology, the application of prebiotics and microbial metabolites has created a new direction for skin care. Prebiotics and probiotics are different concepts. Prebiotics can be understood as food for probiotics. The most basic prebiotics are carbohydrates, but it does not rule out that non-carbohydrate substances are used as prebiotics. In theory, any substance that can reduce harmful bacteria and promote health-promoting bacteria or activities can be called prebiotics, and isomalto-oligosaccharides and oligofructose are the most excellent representatives of prebiotics. Both methods achieve skin care by regulating the microbial composition of the skin surface. Image source: sohu.comWhen probiotics are applied to the skin, pass During the fermentation process, probiotics will produce acidic substances such as lactic acid, which reduces the pH of the skin. An acidic environment will inhibit the growth of most pathogens. In addition, probiotic strains can also produce bactericides, organic acids and H2O2 to prevent the adhesion of pathogens. However, because skin care products are often formulated in oil and water, it is not feasible to directly add live probiotics to cultivate, and the number of live microorganisms in the formula is difficult to maintain, so they are rarely used in beauty products. Compared with probiotics, prebiotics can be well integrated into the formula to help the growth of beneficial bacteria on the skin. Our commonly used fructooligosaccharides (FOS) and galactooligosaccharides (GOS) are well-known prebiotics. Microbial metabolites are bacterial extracts or metabolic byproducts derived from probiotics, which have biological activity on the host. Some of the more common microbial metabolites, such as lactic acid and hyaluronic acid, have been widely used in products that maintain (intestinal function) skin health. In addition, some dissolving liquids of probiotics can also be used as prebiotics. The dissolving liquid contains hyaluronic acid (moisturizing and improving skin barrier), amphetaminease (regulating ceramide), lipophosphoric acid and peptidoglycan (stimulating Antimicrobial peptide AMPs), lactic acid (natural moisturizing factor, antibacterial effect) and other substances. On the common problem of acne, prebiotics can help a Buy Phenibut Online chieve the effect of acne. In traditional acne products, salicylic acid is often added to kill Propionibacterium acnes (P acnes), thereby reducing the irritation of inflammation; and adding oil control ingredients to reduce oil secretion. Although this method reduces the number of the harmful bacterium Propionibacterium acnes Pacnes, it also affects the beneficial bacterium Staphylococcus epidermidis. Studies have shown that oligofructose can be used as a prebiotic of Staphylococcus epidermidis but is not helpful to Pacnes. Therefore, by adding prebiotic oligofructose to increase the number of beneficial bacteria S epidermidis, while reducing the amount of Pacnes, so as to achieve The effect of anti-acne. 5% of Lactobacillus extract was proven in a study to control the size of acne and improve the skin barrier. Studies have shown that 10% Bifidobacterium longum lysate can also improve sensitive skin. The application research of prebiotics, microbial metabolites and microbial lysate in skin care is still ongoing, and it is believed that there will be greater discoveries in the future. Picture source: reference 4According to Mintel’s forecast, the future of the world and probiotics Related cosmetics will increase by 7.8% by 2022. Currently, the number of declared products containing prebiotics and probiotics is also increasing year by year, which indicates that there is great market potential in micro-ecological skin care. At present, raw material suppliers have also carried out relevant research. Yogurtene? Balance of Givaudan is rich in prebiotics and balances skin flora; Sopholiance?S is rich in high concentration of sophorolipids to balance skin oil. Revital-Eye from Active Concepts LLC is rich in the filtrate of the fermentation lysate of Lactobacillus to help the skin repair the skin barrier. PreBio? Defense from Vantage Specialty Ingredients can stimulate the immune system and improve the skin barrier. All in all, the skin carries many microorganisms. Under normal circumstances, these microorganisms coexist harmoniously. When the harmony is broken, the skin will have various symptoms. How to maintain this micro-ecological balance, how to use these invisible species to bring us protection, has become the direction of competition for the major beauty giants, and it also requires every A skincare hero is concerned about and even researching topics. Welcome to leave a message and exchange, and you can also follow the QR code to learn more about beauty! References1. Muizzuddin N, Sullivan M, Schnittger S, Mammone T.physiological effect of a probiotic on skin. J Cosmet Sci i> 2012;(63):385-395.2. Gueniche A, Bastien P, Ovigne JM, et al. Bifidobacterium longum lysate, a new ingredient for reactive skin. ExperimentalDermatol 2009;19:e1 -e8.3. Grice, EA et al. Topographical and temporaldiversity of the human skin microbiome. Science 324, 1190–1192 (2009)4. J Krutmann. Pre- and probiotics for human skin.Journal of dermatological science, 54 (2009) 1–55. Yi yin Erin Chen,el. The skin microbiome: Currentperspectives and future challenges. J Am Acad Dermatol 2013;69: 143-55